HOMONYMS

Homonyms Quiz 1

1. The ___ looked dashing in his armour.
a. night
b. knight

2. I have blond hair and ___ eyes.
a. blew
b. blue

3. I don't even have one ___ with me.
a. cent
b. sent

4. He said he ___ where the place was.
a. knew
b. new

5. An island is a piece of land surrounded by the ___.
a. see
b. sea

6. ___ you like coffee or tea?
a. Would
b. Wood

7. I ___ my bike yesterday, so my legs are sore.
a. rode
b. road

8. Are you ___ or left-handed
a. right
b. write

9. My boat has two ___.
a. sales
b. sails

10. I would like ___ tea, please.
a. week
b. weak

11. Do you _________ which is right?
a. know
b. no

12. Where did the dog __________ the bone?
a. bury
b. berry

13. I need some more __________ for the cake.
a. flower
b. flour

14. He always makes so much noise when he ___________.
a. chews
b. choose

15. He has something in his ________________.
a. eye
b. I

16. I _________________ too much for dinner.
a. eight
b. ate

17. The American flag is _______________, white and blue.
a. red
b. read

18. He ate the ____________________ cake.
a. whole
b. hole

19. I don't have to __________________ there until evening.
a. bee
b. be

20. Is there any _________________ in the soup?
a. meat
b. meet

POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY

Read the following sentences; find the words that are related either by form (spelling and/or pronunciation) or by meaning. Explain how they are related:


1. There is enough food to feed an army.
Feed the plants once a week.
You need to feed coins into the meter.

2. The chair is made of wood.
I would read a lot if I had more free time.

3. She left the room silently.
Fewer people write with their left hand than with their right.

4. I’ve just had a tooth out at the dentist.
The saw doest not cut well because it lost two teeth.
Choose an essay topic you can really get your teeth into.

5. You never know the value of water until the well is dry.
I don’t feel very well.
The kids all behaved well.

6. I read the newspaper yesterday. I read it everyday.

7. She’s training for the big race.
Farmers want to introduce a new race of cattle.

8. Japanese greet people with a bow.
Indians used bows and arrows to defend themselves.

9. A dove is a bird which is seen in many squares in Santiago.
The swimmer dove into the pool.

10 She died from a fatal wound.
He wound the wool into a ball.

POLYSEMY

Meaning and polysemy

Definition

Polysemy [pəˈlɪsəmi] or [ˈpɒliˌsiːmi]
is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a word, phrase, etc.)
or signs to have multiple meanings

(from the Greek: πολυ-, poly-, "many" and σῆμα, sêma, "sign")

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy

Definition

Multiplicity of meaning

Mouth 1. part of the face
2. person needing food
3.opening
4.place where a river enters a larger
body of water
5.way of speaking

Are these meaning different or related?


The various meanings are interdependent and interrelated

How?

Association – metonymy

2.Person needing food
The man had many hungry mouths to feed.
3.Way of speaking
Watch your mouth!


Similarity - metaphor

3.Opening
The mouth of the cave was dark.
4.place where a river enters a larger
body of water
They walked around the mouth of the river.

Child
-A young human being who is not yet an adult
When I was a child, I was afraid of the dark .

-A son or daughter of any age
Two of her children are married.

Get
I went to the supermarket to get some milk.

What did you get for your birthday?

When I got the flu, I felt awful.

They told a joke, but I did not get it.


Branch

Semantics is the branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words.

The bank of Chile opened a new branch near the university.

The new branch of the tree had to be cut by the gardener.

Tongue

The coffee was so hot that I burned my tongue.

He has a sharp tongue

The tongue of one shoe broke, so he had to buy a new pair.
Say two meanings of this word and how they are related


Star
Say how two meanings of this word are related

Arm –part of the body
Arm -the arms of an arm chair

Say how these two meanings are related

Leg- part of the body
Leg – the part of the bed

Find all the meanings of this word and say how they are related

hand

Conclusions

Most native English words are highly polysemantic

All these meanings are related either by similarity or by association
Part of the body
Similarity with this part of the body
Association with this activity done by this part of the body

ETYMOLOGY

Etymology of English words

English is more international in scope than many other languages because of the contributions of Latin, Greek, and other tongues
from: http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4357

Native English words vs.

Words borrowed from other languages

Which of these words are more similar to Spanish?Why?Which are more frequent?

motherly maternal

fatherly paternal

womanly feminine

fear terror

to begin to commence

to love to adore

to build to construct

Objectives:

• To have a quick look at the etymology of English words

• To see how these etymological characteristics help us study and learn about words

Etymology of the English vocabulary in percentage

Native English words 30 %

Borrowed from other languages 70 %

What does this statement mean?

Most of the words which are classified as "educated words" came to us from Latin and Greek sources and they were coined mostly by scientists and scholars.

From: Read it for next class

http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4357

Native English words belong to the original English stock

Indo-European stock

Terms of kinship: father, mother, son, daughter

Phenomena of nature: sun, moon,wind, water

Names of animals: bull, cat, wolf

Parts of the human body: arm, ear, eye, foot,

Common verbs: bear, come, sit, stand

Common Germanic Stock

Nouns -summer, winter, storm, rain, ice

-cloth, hat, shirt, shoe

Verbs: bake, burn, buy, drive, hear, learn, make, meet, see

Adjectives: broad, dead, deaf, deep

Charateristics of English native words

• High frequency
• Monosyllabic structure
• Stylistically neutral
• Great word-building power
• High lexical and grammatical combinability
• Developed polysemy: Many meanings

Example of the native word: watch

• Among the most common 500 words (296)
• Monosyllabic structure
• Many meanings –more than 5
• Styllistically neutral
• Derived words: watcher, watchful
• verb and noun
• Idioms: keep watch, watch one`s steps
• A watched pot never boils.

Borrowed words

Words that have been adopted from other languages and adapted to the characteristics of the English language

Borrowed words

Words taken over from another language, modified in phonemic shape, spelling, meaning according to the stardards of the English language

English words of international originestimates of acomputarized survey of 80,000 words Shorter Oxford Dictionary 1973

French and Norman 28.3 %

Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin 28.24 %

Germanic languages 25 %

Greek 5.32 %

No etymology given or unknown 4.03 %

Derived from proper names: 3.28 %

All other languages contributed less than 1 %

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword

Why so many borrowings?

• Roman invasion 1st century B.C.
• Latin words
• Introduction of Christianity 7th century
• Latin words
• Renaissance 14th - 17th centuries
• Latin and Greek words
• The Norman Conquest 1066
• French words

Latin from the Romans (early borrowings)

English Latin

butter -butyrum

cheese -caseus

plant -planta

cup -cuppa

kitchen -coquina

mill -molina

port -portus

wine -vinum

Latin christianization of England

English Latin

priest -presbyter

bishop -episcopus

monk -monachus

nun -nunna

candle -candela

Renaissance14th and 17th centuriesIdeas of ancient Greece were discovered again.

Latin: calculate, permanent, filial,

moderate, intelligent

Greek: atom, cycle, ethics, mathematics

French

Legal terms: court, judge, justice,

crime, prison

Military terms: army, soldier, officer,

battle, enemy

Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library,

science

Spanish

vanilla, mosquito, tomato, empanada,

macho,

French

valley, ventilate, - initial v

gem, genre, gendarme - letter g

beauty -spelling eau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_French_origin

http://french.about.com/library/bl-frenchinenglish-list.htm

Pronunciation of ch

Native words and early borrowings:

child chair

French: machine, parachute

Greek: epoch, chemist, echo, architect, chronic,

chaos,

Which is native? Which is borrowed?

fatigue - weariness

felicity - hapiness

to like - to admire

to ask - to inquire

smell - aroma

Importance of the etymology of words to our present study of language

Value of “little” words –native words

Ex. hand, foot, leg

Polysyllabic words in formal style

Ex. encyclopedia, phenomenon

False cognates

Ex. library, voluminous

False cognates

complexion-

relatives

parents

sensitive

sensible

large

educated

False cognates or false friends

http://spanish.about.com/cs/vocabulary/a/obviouswrong.htm

http://www.musicalspanish.com/tutorial/false-cognates-worksheet.htm

http://www.musicalspanish.com/tutorial/false-cognates.htm

Conclusions

• Borrowing is one productive source of enrichment of the English vocabulary.

• Borrowed words have enlarged the English vocabulary and the groups of synonyms. They have provided the dichotomy between neutral::formal words

• English is still a Germanic language because of the characteristics of native English words: wide range of lexical and grammatical valency, highly polysemantic and productive in forming word clusters and set expressions

• Native words form the bulk of the most frequent words actually used in speech and writing.

LEXICO GRAMMAR

WHAT IS VOCABULARY?

Words, chunks, collocations


What is a word?

What does it mean to know a word?

How many words do native speakers know?

How many of these words do I know?

WHAT IS A WORD?

• The smallest independent unit of language.
• Composed of one or more morphemes
• Perceived as a single concept
• Written with a white space or punctuation either side
• Divided into lexical words and grammatical words.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO KNOW A WORD?

• The meaning(s) of the word
• The written form of the word
• The spoken form of the word
• The grammatical behaviour of the word
• The collocations of the word
• The register of the word
• The associations of the word
• The frequency of the word

Nation (1990)

Receptive and Productive distinction

Knowing a word involves form, meaning and use.

UNDERDEVELOPED: RECEPTIVE

a. being able to recognise the word when it is heard

b. being familiar with its written form

C. recognising that it is made up of the parts under-,develop-and –ed and being able to relate these parts to its meaning.

d. knowing what the word means in the particular context in which it has ocurred

e. knowing the concept behind the word which will allow understanding in a variety of contexts

f. knowing that there are related words like “overdeveloped”, backward and challenged

G. being able to recognise that “underdeveloped” has been used correctly in the sentence in which it occurs.

H. being able to recognise that words such as “ territories” and “ areas” are typical collocations.

i. knowing that “underdeveloped “ is not an uncommon word and is not a pejorative word.


UNDERDEVELOPED : PRODUCTIVE

a. being able to say it with correct pronunciation including stress

b being able to write it with correct spelling

c. being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms

d. being able to produce the word in different contexts to express the range of meanings of “underdeveloped”

e. being able to produce synonyms and opposites for “underdeveloped”

f. being able to use the word correctly in an original sentence.

g. being able to produce words that commonly occur with it

h. being able to decide to use or not use the word to suit the degree of formality of the situation ( at present “ developing “is more acceptable than “ underdeveloped” which carries a slightly negative meaning)


A Chunk

A group of two or more words which

A. represent a single lexical concept

B. are retrieved as a whole from memory.

Types of chunks

Fixed expressions:

• hyphenated (swimming-pool, English-speaking)

• not hyphenated (so far so good, strictly speaking, in any case, by and large, by hook or by crook)

• may be of sentence or clause length: How are you? That’s beside the point. What’s the matter? That’s easier said than done. As I was saying...

• Include proverbs: All’s well that ends well

Types of Chunks 2

Semi-fixed expressions:

• as far as (I) (know); It’s none of (your) business; (I) (don’t) know; (…) tell the truth; (not) think much of …,

• phrasal verbs (look …up, give… away, run…over)

• Idioms may be either fixed call it a day, a pain in the neck, or semi-fixed , (put … foot in it, [make] a mountain out of a molehill)

Grammar

Grammar is concerned with how sentences and utterances are formed .In a typical English sentence, we can see the two basic principles of grammar, the arrangement of items ( syntax) and the structure of items ( morphology)

Syntax

IF we concentrate on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence , we are studying what is technically known as the syntax of a language.The word syntax came originally from Greek and literally meant “a setting out together” or arrangement.

Morphology

The study of form .This was originally used in biology, but , since the middle of the nineteenth century , has also been used to describe that type of of investigation which analyzes all those basic “elements “ which are used in a language.

elements: Morphemes

Morphemes


talks
talker

talked TALK s

talking er
ed
ing


Morphemes
“ a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical functions”

How many morphemes:
1. reopened
The police reopened the investigation

2. tourists

free and bound morphemes

Exercises:

1. Find out if your dictionary helps you to answer these questions?

- Choose is a verb, but what is the noun with the same meaning?
- Advice is a noun, but what is the verb with the same meaning?
-Can you complete this sentence: “ He gave me a very useful………..of advice.
-What is the difference between homework and housework?

- Do you usually email or snail mail?

-Can you name three ISP`s in our country ?

-Can you name five words that go with “ issue”?

-Can you name ten words that go with “Improvement”?

-When do you use “ listen “ / “ Hear”?

-What is the common error when using the word “ far”?

-Can you write the phrasal verbs with “ close”?

• Find other ways of saying decide.
• Find words that go with “ fear”
• What noun is formed from the verb “ choose” ?
• Find other ways of saying honest

Right or Wrong???

• Advice is a countable noun
• You don´t make homework , you do homework
• Carry on means the same as continue
• The opposite of polite is unpolite
• Hooch is an adjective
• [ U] means University
• [ C] means countable
• Casualty room is the same as emergency room

Match the adjectives and nouns which fit best together:

• a fatal defeat
• a heated escape
• a narrow description
• a close idea
• a detailed accident
• a lucky quantity
• a bright argument
• a vast relationship

Use your dictionary to find which word in each pair is spelled correctly

1. A patience B patiense
2. A recieve B receive
3. A measurd B measured
4. A simpliphy B simplify
5. A recycel B recycle
6. A ordinary B ordinery

What´s the american word for:

1. plait
2. fringe
3. stetson
4. rubber
5. sellotape
6. boarding card
7. tyre
8. terraced houses


Names and Nations

Country Adjective

Andorra
Argentina
Bangladesh
Denmark
Finland
Holland
Ireland

The following prefixes mean:

• pro
• re
• sub
• de
• hyper
• super
• un
• inter

The main prefixes in English

A half
Anti hyper
Ante hypo
Auto il-,im.-in,-ir
De inter
Dis intra
Down intro
Dys mega
Extra mid
Mis trans
Non ultra
Over un
out up
Para under
Port vice
Pre Re
Semi Sub
Super tele

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

Authority

Break

Belief

Description

• Morphology Free Bound roots/ base/ stem
• Affixes: prefixes/ suffixes
• monomorphic- polymorphic
• inflectional derivational allomorphs
• compounds conversion compounding

Morphemes

Talk

Talker
Talked
talking

Example
The word reopened in the sentence:

The police reopened the investigation consists of:
One
Two morphemes ?
Three
Four


1. open

2. re : again

3. ed: past tense

Tourists : 3
1. tour

2. ist : person who does sth.

3. s : indicates plural


All affixes in English are bound morphemes

Examples : free / bound

undressed
un dress ed
prefix stem suffix
bound free bound

carelessness
care less ness
stem suffix suffix
free bound bound

Stems and Affixes:

word stem prefixes/ suffixes
Snowy snow -y
untraceable trace un- able
deduce, reduce duce de re
capture, captive capt ure- ive
recapture capt re - ure

Notice: duce and capt : bound stems

Derivational Inflectional morphemes

An inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word:

old : adjective
older : adjective

A derivational morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word.

teach : verb
teacher: noun

Inflections in English

suffix examples
Noun plurals cars ,bushes,oxen
3rd person singular he works, it rises
past tense - ed we walked;I smoked
-ing form as progressive aspect she´s running
-ed form as –ed participle they are landed
comparative forms –er,-est he´s smaller,I´m smallest.
negative verb inflection –n´t I can´t; they won´t

Inflection through internal vowel or consonant change

goose geese plural
hang hung past tense
far further comparative
advise advice verb to noun


Conversion
Conversion involves the change of a word from one word class to another.

Examples:
verb to screen and to fax are formed from nouns screen and fax.
noun: love from the verb to love.
verb to narrow from the adjective narrow

The film is an absolute must for all lovers of Westerns.
Can we microwave it?

Compounding
Compounding involves linking together two or more bases to create a new word.

Head ache headache
Award- winning
Helpline
Input
Long-running
postcard

Exercises:
Circle all the inflectional morphemes in the following composition written by an international student.What proportion are correct?

Since computer invented , science and technology have made amaziny progress.At the beginning, people only used computer to do complicate scientifical calculation that might take human years of work .Now, not only in science and industry fields that use computer robit to replace the man power, but in supermarket they use computer detective device to fast the check out process.

What´s the opposite of these words?

1. happy
2. employed
3. correct
4. honest
5. legible
6. lock
7. possible
8. pack
9. patient
10. agree
11. regular
12. like
13. friendly
14. formal
15. polite
16. visible

Agree with these sentences , using a synonym .

It´s against the law, isn´t it ?
Oh yes, it´s illegal
1. His room is always in a mess, isn´t it ?
Yes, it´s very……………………..
2. He took off his clothes!
yes, he got………………………..
3. This handwriting is impossible to read.
Yes, I know , it´s completely.........................................................
4. She can never wait for five minutes, can she ?
No, she´s very……………………………………….

ACTIVITY

MORPHOLOGY

AFFIXES

Mention if the following affixes are suffixes or prefixes. Give one example.

ITY

MENT

IVE

IM

Y

ANCE

UN

NESS

AL

ATION

IR

ABLE

IN

FUL

NON

DIS

S

ENCE

Separate the following word into its constituents

• INDECIPHERABILITY

Divide the words in their morphemes. Indicate if they are suffixes or prefixes. Are these: derivational or inflectional. Is the root of the word: free or bound?

• ACCURATE
• AGGRESSIVE
• ATHLETIC
• DETERMINED
• AMBITIOUS
• INTELLIGENT
• RELIABLE
• RUDENESS
• ORGANIZATION
• PRIVACY
• VIOLENCE
• ACTORS
• SINGS
• LAUGHED

WORD FORMATION

WORD-FORMATION IN ENGLISH

AFFIXATION OR DERIVATION

• Affixation

The formation of words by adding derivational affixes to roots or bases.

Hope hopeful hopefully hopefulness

hopeless hopelessly hopelessness

Derivational affixes that form nouns
-nouns are the largest class of words

-age mileage, marriage, postage

-al approval, withdrawal

-ant deodorant, disinfectant

-dom kingdom, wisdom

More suffixes that form nouns

-ee employee, referee, trainee

-er –or writer, vendor

-hood childhood

-ing building, fencing

-ism realism, idealism

-ist naturalist, dentist

More suffixes that form nouns

-ity nationality, identity

-ent development, management

-ness fitness, happiness

-ship membership

More suffixes that form nouns

-tion,-sion addition, extension

-tude attitude

-y entry, discovery

Suffixes added to verbs to form nouns

Verb Noun

amaze amazement

contest contestant

refer referee

survive survivor

write write

Suffixes added to adjectives to form nouns

Adjective Noun

bright brightness

loyal loyalist

rapid rapidity

Suffixes added to nouns to form verbs

-ate hyphenate, coordinate

-ify beautify, classify

-ize memorize, characterize

-en strengthen, lengthen

Suffixes added to adjectives to form verbs

wide widen

white whiten

red redden

Form verbs from the following roots or bases

http://writersmagnet.blogspot.com/2005/12/verb-forming-suffixes.html

captive critic strength

nausea glory active

civil sweet illumine

beauty ripe identity

Suffixes that form adjectives

-able workable

-al informal

-ed bearded, lefthanded

-en golden, wooden

-ese Japanese, Chinese

-ful grateful, helpful

-i Pakistani

Suffixes that form adjectives

-ish Swedish

-ive offensive

-ian Brazilian

-less childless

-ly monthly, motherly

-ous famous

-y windy

Suffixes that form adverbs

-ly rapidly

-wards backwards

-wise clockwise

Prefixes do not normally change the word class of a word

Immature

Impossible

Inadequate

Illogical

Irrational

dislike

unpack

Prefixes

un- unpack, untie

dis- dishonest

out- outlive, outrun

Over- overeat, overcharge

Under- underestimate

CONCLUSIONS

Affixation: addition of affixes to roots or bases to create new words.

Derivational affixes add lexical meaning to a word and they may also change the word class.

Morphology and Word Formation

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF WORDS AND WORD FORMATION

• Morphological structure of words

Segmentation of words into its morphemes, that is, meaningful parts.

Rewrites reorganizes retains

Adaptation integration education

• Word formation

The process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic patterns.

• Affixation

read - reader, readable, reading

• Composition

room - living-room, dining-room, bedroom

• Conversion

to look – a look

to smile - a smile

• Shortening

laboratory - lab

telephone - phone

CONCLUSIONS

Morphological structure: meaningful units that form a word.

Word-formation: patterns to form words

verb + er

driver

writer

Workshop 1

Find a paragraph from a text you are studying at the moment and find three monomorphic and three polymorphic words. Divide the polymorphic words into their constituent morphemes and classify each morpheme.

• Divide the following words into morphemes and classify each morpheme:

Biology

Colorless

Scholarship

Socialism

Perfectly

Innovative

• Mention and be ready to explain the allomorphs for 3^rd. person singular and regular past tense in English verbs

• Mention and be ready to explain the allomorphs for the plural form of English nouns.

MORPHOLOGY

Morphological Structure of Words

1.Types of Words: Monomorphic

Polymorphic

2.Morphemes: Types

DIVIDE THE FOLLOWING WORDS INTO MEANINGFUL PARTS

workers

pre-reading

loves

bicycles

classified

impossible

dresses

beautifully

OBJECTIVES

• To know how to divide words into morphemes
• To identify the different types of morphemes
• To classify morphemes

GRAMMAR IS DIVIDED INTO MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

• Syntax –structure of sentences
• Morphology –structure of words
• Words
• Words are composed of morphemes.
• Words that consist of just one morpheme are monomorphic words.
• Words that consist of more than one morpheme are polymorphic words
  Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning
• Morphemes are classified according to different principles
• Degree of independence: free or bound
• Role they play in forming words: roots or affixes
• Degree of independence

Free morphemes stand alone in the language. Ex. work -worker

write -writer

Bound morphemes are used exclusively with free or bound morphemes.

Ex. -er worker writer

leg- - legible

arrog- - arrogant

ROLE THEY PLAY IN FORMING WORDS

Root morphemes -

The root is the primary lexical unit of a word which carries semantic aspects of a word and cannot be reduced to smaller constituents.

It is the common element in a word family.

Roots can be free or bound

Most native English roots are free morphemes. Ex. read, eat, write

Most borrowed roots are bound

Arrog- -ance

Char- -ity

Leg- -ible

Toler- -able

Affixes

Affixes are always bound forms. Ex. -ful, -ly, -ity,

Affixes are classified into prefixes and suffixes.

Prefixes come before the base or root.

Ex. im- possible un- happy

• Suffixes come after a base or root.
• They may be inflectional or derivational.

Derivational morphemes

Change the meaning of a word or the part of speech or both. Derivational morphemes create new words.

Example: kind - kindness

friend - friendship

Inflectional morphemes

They can only be suffixes.

Example -s cats

-s reads

An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of a word. Ex. invited

English has only seven inflectional morphemes---plural, possessive -nouns

3rd.person singular, past tense, past participle, present participle -verbs

comparative , superlative - adjectives

allomorphs

Different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme

/Z/ /S/ /IZ/

Plural dogs cats horses

3rd person reads talks dresses

eatable edible soluble